The Ontology of Twitter

One of the problems we have when thinking about the new real-time media streams, like Twitter and Facebook, is that our metaphors are usually based on old media forms (e.g. television or radio, or even, in some descriptions a cocktail party). For example, thinking about Twitter as television means that there is a tendency to think in terms of channels, programming, a passive audience and interactivity limited to selecting the channel to watch. It is no surprise that YouTube borrowed this 'comfortable' metaphor to explain to users what it was. These metaphors can therefore stifle how we understand a new media platform, and perhaps even shape the way it is further used. Here, I want to argue that if we are to understand the medium of Twitter, then we should try to look at the properties that are particular to it as it currently stands:

1. It is a real-time medium.
2. Information flows through it, if you miss it then the information passes by (although look at Google's response in the creation of Google Replay). 
3. It is based around an interest graph (things people find interesting rather than friends or colleagues) (Barnett 2010).
4. It is very flexible, even with the 140 character restriction the content of a tweet is textual and can, due to being able to support urls, point to any other form of media (e.g web/photos/video). 
5. The entire tweet (as a JSON data entity) can carry location data, user data and other contextual data that makes it extremely powerful. 
6. It has little memory, right now you can only retrieve the most recent 3,200 tweets per person (Haines 2011). However, Twitter does pass over its entire archive of public Tweets to the Library of Congress[1]  for storage and research after six months for internal library use, for non-commercial research, public display by the library itself, and preservation (Twitter 2010).[2] 
7. Twitter has a client/server structure. Should Twitter go down, then so does the ability to share on the network.[3] 

These qualities seem to point to a medium, or platform, that is extremely similar in some respects to a newswire system or news agency data feed, such as provided by Reuters or Bloomberg. These are extremely fast data transmission systems usually built around a proprietary data protocol generally for transmitting real-time news, data and financial market information, for example Thomson Reuters uses RDF (Reuters Data Feed).  These data feeds themselves are extremely low latency, in Reuters case financial, text, and numeric data takes less than an average of half a millisecond to move through the system (Quinton 2005). These are, in effect, the mature versions of the system of stock ticker introduced in the late 19th Century:[4]

The stock ticker was invented in 1867 by Edward A. Calahan, an engineer associated with the American Telegraph Company. It was a printing telegraph with two independent type-wheels, placed under a glass bell jar (to keep off dust) and powered by a battery (Jenkins et al., 1989: 153). The wheels were mounted face-to-face on two shafts and revolved under the action of an electromagnet. The first wheel had the letters of the alphabet on it; the second wheel had figures, fractions and some letters. The inked wheels printed on a paper tape divided into two strips: the security’s name was printed on the upper strip and the price quote on the lower one, beneath the name (Preda 2005: 755). 

The stock ticker produced a constant flow of information that was sent by telegraph around the country about news and price movements on the stock exchange. The telegraph, of course, was also used to send personal messages as well as stock information. Indeed, Schott (2009) speculated that tweeting using the Telegraphic codes from 1891 might catch on again as an entire system of message codes had been developed to squeeze meaning into the 150 character telegraph limit:

The 140-character limit of Twitter posts was guided by the 160-character limit established by the developers of SMS. However, there is nothing new about new technology imposing restrictions on articulation. During the late 19th-century telegraphy boom, some carriers charged extra for words longer than 15 characters and for messages longer than 10 words. Thus, the cheapest telegram was often limited to 150 characters (Schott 2009).

With the growth of stock exchanges, the stock ticker companies developed a client/server structure with price changes being transmitted back to the centre, which were then resent out to the provincial exchanges. For the users of the ticker service, unlike the telegraph, the stock ticker printed its message out as a continual unfolding stream of information on paper which could be read by anyone:

The flow of price variations visualized the results of ongoing conversational exchanges, and disassociated their results from the individual authority of the participants in those conversations. At the same time, the flow linked the results to each other, made the ties that bound them visible as the tape unfolded, and made the market in its turn visible as an abstract, faceless, yet very lively whole. All the felicity conditions that made the speech act valid (intonation, attitude, look, wording, pitch of voice, and so on) were blanked out. Authority and credibility was transferred from the broker’s person to the machine. The flow of figures and letters on the ticker tape became an appresentation (Husserl 1977 [1912]: 112, 124–25)... In other words, perception (of price rhythms) and representation (of floor transactions) fused together (Preda 2005: 763). 

This 'blanking out' of the speech act is, of course, very familiar to users of Twitter. This medium, due to its reliance on 140 character messages ensures a terse blank text that tends towards the factual and news-like message. It is interesting to note that a great majority of tweets have actually been found to be only around 40 characters long (Ayman 2010, cf Hubspot 2009). It is, perhaps, little wonder that the news organisations have adapted to using it so easily.[5] The other aspect is how users have taken to Twitter and Facebook in such a remarkable way, perhaps even more so with the growth of mobile app versions of the services. The similarity of ticker users becoming entranced by the information on the stock tickers to contemporary users of Twitter and Facebook, who also stop and stare at their screens and seemingly fall into a trance, is striking:

In his reminiscences, Richard D. Wyckoff (1934a: 37), a stock operator and pioneer of chart analysis, wrote that in 1905 friends of his could sit and watch the tape for an hour and a half without any interruption. Wyckoff himself had trained hard so that he could watch the ticker tape for up to an hour. He remembered how in 1907 James R. Keene, the financial speculator, fell into a ‘ticker trance’:

I used to stand facing him, my left elbow on his ticker while talking to him. He would hold the tape in his left hand and his eye-glasses in his right as he listened to me, then on went the glasses astride his nose as he bent close to the tape in a scrutiny of the length that had passed meanwhile. I might be talking at the moment his eye began to pick up the tape again, but until he finished he was a person in a trance. If, reading the tape, he observed something that stimulated his mental machinery, I might go on talking indefinitely; he wouldn’t get a word of it .... He appeared to absorb a certain length of tape, and to devote to its analysis a specified interval, measured by paces. Sometimes he returned to the ribbon for another examination, followed by more pacing. (Wyckoff, 1930: 148, quoted in Preda 2005: 766)

This 'Twitter trance', or attentiveness to the temporality of Twitter, disciplines the user to keeping ahead of the stream and by being 'in the stream' the user has to develop a temporal awareness fitted and co-constructed by this technical device (or agencement),[6] whether delivered via the browser or an app on a mobile phone. Again, the similarities to the stock ticker are remarkable:

The stress on observation and attentiveness fitted in very well with the overall discourse of the ‘science of financial markets’, so popular in late 19th century. It required of investors precisely those qualities preached by manuals: attention, vigilance and constant observation of financial transactions and of price variations. For the investor, it is only reasonable to follow the market movements and to try to be efficient (Preda 2005: 773).

As Dorsey, the co-founder of Twitter, himself remarked,

I don't go back in time. You're kind of as good as your last update. That's what you're currently thinking or doing, or your current approach towards life. If that really interests me, I go to that person's profile page and read back a little bit. But in terms of my timeline, I'm just not obsessive about going all the way back in time and catching every single message that people have updated about. It's only relevant in the now, unless I'm fascinated by it (Sarno 2009).

The time presented by Twitter, in particular, is a constant real-time flow, which is modulated by the activity of the users on the stream. Time is referred to in the past tense, with even the most recent tweet having happened a few seconds ago, and marked as such to the user. Each tweet placed within its temporal box, neatly segmented in a structured textual format by the other tweets in the constant flow of time represented by technical time (see the the raw Twitter public timeline here as JSON data).[7] As Preda (2005) described with the stock ticker,

a ragged temporal structure was replaced by a smooth one, with the consequence that price variations became visualizations of market transactions and objects of symbolic interpretation. The ticker made market exchanges visible as they happened, disentangled them from local conversations, and transformed them into something that is both abstract and visible in several forms to everybody at once. They are visible in the flow of names and prices on the paper strip, but also in the financial charts, which are nowadays also produced in real time. The quality of price data changed: instead of multiple, discontinuous, heterogeneous and unsystematically recorded prices, we now have single, continuous, homogeneous, nearly real-time price variations (Preda 2005: 776). 

Indeed, we could argue that the quality of media conversations are changing: instead of multiple, discontinuous, heterogeneous and unsystematic conversations, we now have single, continuous, homogeneous, nearly real-time updates of news, stories, lives, events and activities, all streamed through a common format that is distributed in real-time around the world. This, I think, helps us to think about the way in which a particular limited platform of data transmission has become a mass media and in doing so is preparing/teaching users to cope with real-time streams of information, a key requirement for the kinds of services and technologies that are currently being developed in Silicon Valley. Thus, perhaps we should think of Twitter less as a radio, or as television, but rather as a Ticker, granted one that contains information other than stock prices (although it does that too). Twitter as a Ticker also reinforces its sense of temporality as a constant set of 'ticks' that move around the world, and are connected to the activities and tweets of the users that use the service.[8] 

Notes

[1] The Library has been collecting materials from the web since it began harvesting congressional and presidential campaign websites in 2000.  Today they hold more than 167 terabytes of web-based information, including legal blogs, websites of candidates for national office, and websites of Members of Congress (Raymond 2010).

[2] Starting 10/10/2010, Twitter began transferring all public tweets to the Library of Congress for archiving. Tweets that are 24 weeks old (6 months) or older will be saved forever, and the user will no longer be able to delete them. By using the hashtag #NoLOC.org, the user will continue to use Twitter like normal, but when the tweet turns 23 weeks old, it is deleted automatically (NoLOC 2011).

[3] In contrast to Diaspora, for example, which is a distributed social networking service, providing a decentralized alternative to social network services like Twitter and Facebook.

[4] Two years before the introduction of the ticker in NewYork City, there was a short-lived attempt to introduce an alternative technology in Paris, called the pantelegraph (Preda, 2003). This technology, however, was quickly abandoned and was never used on financial exchanges other than the Paris Bourse (Preda 2005: 777, fn 2). 

[5] In places like China, the character restriction plays out different as the Chinese script allows quite long message (on Sina Microblog, for example as Twitter is banned in China). This means that newspapers and corporations are increasingly using Sina Microblog (sometimes referred to as Sina Weibo) as a means of distributed communications. 
[6] 'Agencement is a common French word with the senses of either “arrangement,” “fitting” or “fixing” and is used in French in as many contexts as those words are used in English: one would speak of the arrangement of parts of a body or machine; one might talk of fixing (fitting or affixing) two or more parts together; and one might use the term for both the act of fixing and the arrangement itself, as in the fixtures and fittings of a building or shop, or the parts of a machine.' (Phillips 2006).
[7] 'It should be noted here that in the USA and in Britain, at the time of the ticker’s invention, several efforts were under way to develop machines for making speech visible. On the one hand, there were attempts at developing technical devices for the deaf, connected to the method of lip-reading. The people involved in these attempts were also involved in the development of better telegraphic devices and tried their hand (though unsuccessfully) at a telegraphic machine fitted for financial transactions. Alexander Graham Bell’s father was among those making such efforts' (Preda 2005: 777, fn 8). It would be interesting to have a Twitter to speech 'radio' with an automated text to speech system (see VoiceForge).
[8] It is also an interesting observation that in a similar way in which stock tickers, data feeds and financial markets are visualised, there are also many competing Twitter visualisation systems, including Visibletweets.com, tweepskey.com, Twitter StreamGraphs, isparade.jp, toriseye.quodis.com, revisit,  twistori, MentionMap.

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